REFERENCES

Cholesterol levels

CHOLESTEROL AND HEART ATTACK RISK

1. Parker-Pope, Tara Tests Can Effectively Screen for Early Signs of Heart Disease The Wall Street Journal June 22, 2001.

2. No author, Cholesterol Test Helps to Predict Heart Disease Risk Global News Services LTD.27 November 2003.

3. Stephen MacMahon, Norman Sharpe, Greg Gamble, Hamish Hart, John Scott, John Simes, and Harvey White Effects of Lowering Average or Below-Average Cholesterol Levels on the Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis : Results of the LIPID Atherosclerosis Substudy Circulation 1998 97: 1784 – 1790.

4. Eleanor Laise. The Lipitor Dilemma, Smart Money: The Wall Street Journal Magazine of Personal Business, November 2003.

5. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease and the Acute Coronary Syndromes N Engl J Med. 1992;326:242-50.

6. Giles WH, Anda RF, Jones DH, Serdula MK, Merritt RK, DeStefano F. Recent Trends in the Identification and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol by Physicians. Progress and Missed Opportunities. JAMA. 1993;269:1133-8.

7. Harris T, Feldman JJ, Kleinman JC, Ettinger WH Jr, Makuc DM, Schatzkin AG. The Low Cholesterol-Mortality Association in a National Cohort. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:595-601.

8. Keys A, ed. Coronary Heart Disease in Seven Countries. Circulation. 1970;41(Suppl 1):I1-1211.

9. Bradford RH et al. Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. I. Efficacy in Modifying Plasma Lipoproteins and Adverse Event Profile in 8245 Patients with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia. Archives of Internal Medicine, Jan, 1991; 151 (1): 43-49.

11. LaRosa JC. Cholesterol Lowering, Low Cholesterol, and Mortality. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:776-86.

OXYSTEROL

12. Brown, A. J., Jessup, W. 1999. Oxysterols and Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 142:1-28.

13. Chisolm GM, Penn MS. Oxidized Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis. In: Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ, eds. Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1996:129–149.

14. Hughes H, Mathews B, Lenz ML, Guyton JR. Cytotoxicity of Oxidized LDL to Porcine Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells is Associated with Oxysterols 7-Ketocholesterol and 7-Hydroxycholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1177–1185.

15. Nagy, L., Tontonoz, P., Alvarez, J. G. A., Chen, H., Evans, R. M. 1998. Oxidized LDL Regulates Macrophage Gene Expression through Ligand Activation of PPAR Gamma. Cell. 93:229-240.

16. Björkhem, I., Lütjohann, D., Diczfalusy, U., Ståhle, L., Ahlborg, G., Wahren, J. 1998. Cholesterol Homeostasis in Human Brain: Turnover of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol and Evidence for a Cerebral Origin of Most of this Oxysterol in the Circulation. J. Lipid Res. 39:1594-1600.

17. Panini SR, Yang L, Rusinol AE, Sinensky MS, Bonventre JV, Leslie CC. Arachidonate Metabolism and the Signaling Pathway of Induction of Apoptosis by Oxidized LDL/Oxysterol Lipid Res. 2001 Oct;42(10):1678-86.

18. Smith LL, Johnson BH. Biological Activities of Oxysterols. Free Radic Biol Med. 1989;7:285–332.

19. Smith, L. L. 1996. Review of Progress in Sterol Oxidations: 1987;–1995. Lipids. 31:453-487.

20. Staprans I, Pan X-M, Miller M, Rapp JH. Effect of Dietary Lipid Peroxides on Metabolism of Serum Chylomicrons in Rats. Am J Physiol. 1993;264:G561–G568.

21. Staprans I, Rapp JH, Pan X-M, Feingold KR. Oxidized Lipids in the Diet are Incorporated by the Liver into VLDL in Rats. J Lipid Res. 1996;37:420–430

22. Steinberg D. Oxidative Modification of LDL and Atherogenesis. Circulation. 1997;95:1062–1071.

23. Yla-Herttuala S, Palinski W, Rosenfeld ME, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Butler S, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Evidence for the Presence of Oxidatively Modified LDL in Atherosclerotic Lesions of Rabbit and Man. J Clin Invest. 1989;84:1086–1095.

24. Vine DF, Mamo JCL, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Croft KD. Dietary Oxysterols are Incorporated in Plasma Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, Increase their Susceptibility to Oxidation and Increase Aortic Cholesterol Concentration in Rabbits. J Lipid Res. 1998;39:1995–2004.

STATIN DRUGS

25. Melissa Siig. Life After Lipitor: Is Pfizer Product a Quick Fix or Dangerous Drug? Residents Experience Adverse Reactions. Tahoe World, January 29, 2004.

26. LaRosa, MD Cholesterol Agonistics Annals of Int. Med. 1 March 1996 | Volume 124 Issue 5 | Pages 505-508.

27. Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Pyorala K, Wilhelmsen L, Haghfelt T, Thorgeirson G for the 4S Group. Effect of Simvastatin on Survival and Coronary Morbidity in Coronary Heart Disease Patients 65 or Older Circulation. 1995;92(Suppl I):I672.

28. Cohen JS. Over Dose: The Case Against the Drug Companies: Prescription Drugs, Side Effects, and Your Health. Penguin USA. 2001.

29. Omar MA, Wilson JP. FDA Adverse Event Reports on Statin-Associated Rhabdomyolysis. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, Feb, 2002; 36 (2): 288-295.

30. Philips, PS et al. Statin-Associated Myopathy with Normal Creatine Kinase Levels. Annals of Internal Medicine, Oct. 1, 2002; 137: 581-585.

31. Langsjoen PH. Statin-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Introduction to the Citizens Petition on Statins. Available online: http://www.canadiancoalitionforhealthfreed...le.php?sid=1039 (accessed Feb 11, 2004)

32. Roth T, et al. Comparative Effects of Pravastatin and Lovastatin on Nighttime Sleep and Daytime Performance. Clinical Cardiology, 1992; 15: 426-432.

33. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. The Clinical Use of HMG CoA-Reductase Inhibitors and the Associated Depletion of Coenzyme Q10. A Review of Animal and Human Publications. Biofactors, 2003; 18 (1-4): 101-111.

34. Bargossi AM; Grossi G; Fiorella PL; Gaddi A; Di Giulio R; Battino M Exogenous CoQ10 Supplementation Prevents Plasma Ubiquinone Reduction Induced by HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Mol Aspects Med, 1994, 15 Suppl:, s187-93.

35. Passi S, Stancato A, Aleo E, Dmitrieva A, Littarru GP. Statins Lower Plasma and Lymphocyte Ubiquinol/Ubiquinone without Affecting other Antioxidants and PUFA Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):113-24.

36. Silver MA, Langsjoen PH, Szabo S, Patil H, Zelinger A. Statin Cardiomyopathy? A Potential Role for Co-Enzyme Q10 Therapy for Statin-Induced Changes in Diastolic LV Performance: Description of a Clinical Protocol Biofactors. 2003;18(1-4):125-7.

37. Bleske BE, Willis RA, Anthony M, Casselberry N, Datwani M, Uhley VE, Secontine SG, Shea MJ. The Effect of Pravastatin and Atorvastatin on Coenzyme Q10 Am Heart J. 2001 Aug;142(2):E2.

38. Bargossi AM, Grossi G, Fiorella PL, Gaddi A, Di Giulio R, Battino M. Exogenous CoQ10 Supplementation Prevents Plasma Ubiquinone Reduction Induced by HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15 Suppl:s187-93.

39. Ghirlanda G, Oradei A, Manto A, Lippa S, Uccioli L, Caputo S, Greco AV, Littarru GP Evidence of Plasma CoQ10-Lowering Effect by HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Clin Pharmacol. 1993 Mar;33(3):226-9.

SAFE NUTRIENTS & HERBS TO LOWER YOUR CHOLESTEROL NATURALLY

40. Jeserich,Michael, et al,“Reduced Plasma L-Arginine in Hypercholesteroleinia”, The Lancet, February 29, 1992;339~.561.

41. Murakami S, Nara Y, Yamori Y. “Taurine Accelerates the Regression of Hypercholesterolemia in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats” Life Sci 1996;58:1643–51.

42. Maebashi, M. "Lipid-Lowering Effects of L-Carnitine in Patients with Type IV Hyper-lipoproteinemia" Lancet, 1: 805-809,1978.

43. Frei B. “Ascorbic Acid Protects Lipids in Human Plasma and Low-Density Lipoprotein Against Oxidative Damage” Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:1113S–18S.

44. Magnati G, Strata A, Trovato R. "Effectiveness of Long-Term Treatment with Pantethine in Patients with Dyslipidemia." Clin Ther 1986;8(5):537-45.

45. Burgess JW, Boucher J, Neville TA, Rouillard P, Stamler C, Zachariah S, Sparks DL., ”Phosphatidylinositol Promotes Cholesterol Transport and Excretion.” J Lipid Res. 2003 Jul; 44 (7):1355-63. Epub 2003 Apr 16.

46. Iizuka Y, Sakurai E, Tanaka Y, ”Effect of Selenium on Serum, Hepatic and Lipoprotein Lipids Concentration in Rats Fed on a High-Cholesterol Diet” Yakugaku Zasshi. 2001 Jan; 121 (1):93-6.

47. Freeland-Graves JH, Friedman BJ, Han WH, Shorey RL, Young R, ”Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Zinc” Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 May;35(5):988-92.

48. Allen KGD & Klevay LM “Copper Deficiency and Cholesterol Metabolism in the Rat” Atheroscelerosis 311; 259.

49. Press RI, Geller J, Evans G. “The Effect of Chromium Picolinate on Serum Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein Aractions in Human Subjects” The Western Journal of Medicine. 1990; 152: 41-45.

50. Wegrowski J, et al. “The Effect of Procyanidolic Oligomers on the Composition of Normal and Hyper-Cholesterolemic Rabbit Aortas” Biochem Pharm 1984;33:3491-3497.

51. Nickander KK, McPhee BR, Low PA, Tritschler H. Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Antioxidant Potency Against Lipid Peroxidation of Neural Tissues in Vitro and Implications for Diabetic Neuropathy. Free Rad Biol Med. 1996; 21:631-639.

52. Eilat S, Oestraicher Y, Rabinkov A, Ohad D, Mirelman D, Battler A, Eldar M, Vered Z, ”Alteration of Lipid Profile in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits by Allicin, an Active Constituent of Garlic” Coron Artery Dis. 1995 Dec;6(12):985-90.

53. Osborn-Barnes HT, Akoh CC, ”Effects of Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene, and Soy Isoflavones on Lipid Oxidation of Structured Lipid-Based Emulsions” Agric Food Chem. 2003 Nov 5;51(23):6856-60.

54. Chao JT, Gapor A, Theriault A, ”Inhibitory Effect of Delta-Tocotrienol, a HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitor, on Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion” J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Oct;48(5):332-7.

55. Mas R, et al. 1999. “Effects of Policosanol in Patients with Type II Hypercholetserolemia and Additional Coronary Risk Factors” Clin Pharmacol Ther 65:439-47.

56. Oliff HS. “Hawthorn Berry Tincture Lowers LDL Cholesterol in Rats” American Botanical Council HerbClip. January 6, 2001.

57. Maron DJ, Lu GP, Cai NS, Wu ZG, Li YH, Chen H, Zhu JQ, Jin XJ, Wouters BC, Zhao , ”Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of a Theaflavin-Enriched Green Tea Extract: a Randomized Controlled Trial” Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jun 23;163(12):1448-53.

58. Nityanand, S. et al., "Clinical Trials with Gugulipid: A New Hypolipidemic Agent", J Assoc. Phys. India, 37(5):323-328, 1989.

60. Mai K, ”Effect of Silymarin on Serum Lipoproteins in Hyperlipemic rats” Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 1987 Feb;15(1):49-51.

61. Yamamoto M, Kumagai A, Yamamura Y, ”Structure and Action of Saikosaponins Isolated from Bupleurum Falcatum L. II. Metabolic Actions of Saikosaponins, Especially a Plasma Cholesterol-Lowering Action” Arzneimittelforschung. 1975 Aug;25(Cool:1240-3.

62. Brown JE, Rice-Evans CA. “Luteolin Rich Artichoke Extract Protects Low Density Lipoprotein from Oxidation in Vitro” Free Radical Research 1998;29:247–55.

63. Godkar PB; Narayanan P; Bhide SV, “Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Turmeric Extract on Swiss Mice.” Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1996 Sept; 28(3): 171-4.

64. Janabai Giri; Sakthi Devi TK; Meeraran S, “Effect of Ginger on Serum Cholesterol Levels” Ind. J Nutr. Diet.; 21 (12) 433-436, 4 ref. 1984.

65. Fuhrman B, Volkova N, Kaplan M, Presser D, Attias J, Hayek T, Aviram M, ”Antiatherosclerotic Effects of Licorice Extract Supplementation on Hypercholesterolemic Patients: Increased Aesistance of LDL to Atherogenic Modifications, Reduced Plasma Lipid Levels, and Decreased Systolic Blood Pressure” Nutrition. 2002 Mar;18(3).

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

VIRAL CFS1. CDC. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 2001 Sep 13. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control/National Center for Infectious Diseases (www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cfs/).2. Horrobin, D.F. Post-viral fatigue syndrome, and viral infections. Med. Hypotheses 1990; 32(3): 211-7.3. Matano, S., Kinoshita, H., Tanigawa, K., Terahata, S and Sugimoto, T. Acute parvovirus B19 infection mimicking chronic fatigue syndrome. Internal Medicine, 2003, 42, 9, 903-905.4. Manian, F.A. Simultaneous measurement of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and 14 enteroviruses in chronic fatigue syndrome: is there evidence of activation of a nonspecific polyclonal immune response- Clin. Infect. Dis. 1994; 19(3): 448-53.5 Candy, B., Chalder, T., Cleare, AJ., Peakman, A., Skowera, A., Wessely, S., Weinman, J., Zucherman, M and Hotopf, M. Predictors of fatigue following the onset of infectious mononucleosis. Psychological Medicine, 2003, 33, 847-855.6. Dowsett, E.G. et al. (1990) Myalgic encephalomyelitis – a persistent enteroviral infection? Postgraduate Medical Journal, 66, p.526-30.

B. HYPER-IMMUNE CFS7. Bounous, G., Molson, J. Competition for glutathione precursors between the immune system and the skeletal muscle: pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Med. Hypotheses 1999 Oct; 53(4): 347-9.8. Cullen, M.R. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup. Med. 1987a Oct-Dec; 2(4): 655-61.9. Fulle, S., Mecocci, P. et al. Specific oxidative alterations in vastus lateralis muscle of patients with the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000; 29(12): 1252-9.10. Ojo-Amaize, E.A., Conley, E.J. et al. Decreased natural killer cell activity is associated with severity of chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1994; 18(Suppl. 1): S157-9.

HPA AXIS CFS11. Baschetti, R. Overlap of chronic fatigue syndrome with primary adrenocortical insufficiency. Horm. Metab. Res. 1999; 31(7): 439.12. Baschetti, R. Chronic fatigue syndrome: a form of Addison's disease. J. Intern. Med. 2000; 247(6): 737-9.13. Cleare, A.J., Bearn, J. et al. Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Affect. Disord. 1995; 34(4): 283-9.14. De Becker, P., De Meirleir, K. et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) response to i.v. ACTH in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Horm. Metab. Res. 1999; 31(1): 18-21.15. Elbaz, M. Astheno-depression. Cah. Biother. 1988 Dec.16. Jeffcoate, W.J. Chronic fatigue syndrome and functional hypoadrenia-fighting vainly the old ennui. Lancet 1999; 353(9151): 424-5.17. Jefferies, W.M. Mild adrenocortical deficiency, chronic allergies, autoimmune disorders and the chronic fatigue syndrome: a continuation of the cortisone story. Med. Hypotheses 1994; 42(3): 183-9.19. Neeck, G., Crofford, L.J. Neuroendocrine perturbations in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2000; 26(4): 989-1002.20. Parker, A.J., Wessely, S., Cleare, A.J. The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Psychol. Med. 2001; 31(Cool: 1331-45.21. Scott, L.V., Salahuddin, F., Cooney, J., Svec, F., Dinan, T.G. Differences in adrenal steroid profile in chronic fatigue syndrome, in depression and in health. J. Affect. Disord. 1999; 54(1-2): 129-37.22. Torpy, D.J., Chrousos, G.P. The three-way interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axes and the immune system. Baillieres Clin. Rheumatol. 1996; 10(2): 181-98.

HYPOTENSION CFS23. Le Poncin, M., Pallier, E., Elbaz, H. Stabilium and chronic fatigue. The positive role of a neutraceutic in memory and cognitive function and symptoms of chronic fatigue in adults. Focus 2000 Winter. Hayward, CA: Allergy Research Center.24. McCully, K.K., Natelson, B.H. et al. Reduced oxidative muscle metabolism in chronic fatigue syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1996; 19(5): 621-5.25. McCully, K.K., Natelson, B.H. Impaired oxygen delivery to muscle in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin. Sci. 1999; 97(5): 603-8; discussion, 611-3.

OXIDATIVE STRESS CFS26. Beckman, J.S., Crow, J.P. Pathological implications of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1993 May; 21(2): 330-4.27. Pall, M.L. Elevated, sustained peroxynitrite levels as the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. Med. Hypotheses 2001a; 54(1): 115-25.28. Pall, M.L. Common etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity via elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite. Med. Hypotheses 2001b; 57(2): 139-45.29. Radi, R., Rodriguez, M., Castro, L., Telleri, R. Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by peroxynitrite. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1994 Jan; 308(1): 89-95.30. Richards, R.S., Roberts, T.K. et al. Blood parameters indicative of oxidative stress are associated with symptom expression in chronic fatigue syndrome. Redox Rep. 2000; 5(1): 35-41.

NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY 31. Behan, P.O., Behan, W.M. et al. Effect of high doses of essential fatty acids on the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1990; 82(3): 209-16.32. Cox, I.M., Campbell, M.J. et al. Red blood cell magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. Lancet 1991; 337(8744): 757-60.33. Gray, J.B., Martinovic, A.M. Eicosanoids and essential fatty acid modulation in chronic disease and the chronic fatigue syndrome. Med. Hypotheses 1994; 43(1): 31-42.34. Hinds, G., Bell, N.P. et al. Normal red cell magnesium concentrations and magnesium loading tests in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 1994; 31(Pt. 5): 459-61.35. Logan, A.C., Wong, C. Chronic fatigue syndrome: oxidative stress and dietary modifications. Altern. Med. Rev. 2001; 6(5): 450-9.36. Manuel y Keenoy, B., Moorkens, G. et al. Antioxidant status and lipoprotein peroxidation in chronic fatigue syndrome. Life Sci. 2001; 68(17): 2037-49.37. Warren, G., McKendrick, M. et al. The role of essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. A case-controlled study of red-cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo-controlled treatment study with high dose of EFA. Acta Neurol. Scand. 1999; 99(2): 112-6.38. Werbach, M.R. Nutritional strategies for treating chronic fatigue syndrome. Altern. Med. Rev. 2000 Apr; 5(2): 93-108.